{"id":70,"date":"2008-08-28T13:03:47","date_gmt":"2008-08-28T13:03:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.phillyhistory.org\/wordpress\/?p=70"},"modified":"2010-09-13T10:31:24","modified_gmt":"2010-09-13T14:31:24","slug":"immigrant-jewish-philadelphia-school-days","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/2008\/08\/immigrant-jewish-philadelphia-school-days\/","title":{"rendered":"Immigrant Jewish Philadelphia: School Days"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Going through photographs on Philly<\/em>History.org, I was struck by the number of photos showing Philadelphia public grade schools from years ago, most now torn down although some still remain.\u00a0These photographs show the construction of new schools during the period of heavy immigration into the country at the end of the 19th<\/sup> and beginning of the 20th<\/sup> centuries as well as the inside of classrooms, the first day of school, schoolyards, formally posed photographs of classes and informal scenes of children playing in the schoolyards.\u00a0In The Immigrant Jew in America<\/em>, edited by Edmund J. James, Ph. D., LL.D., with the collaboration of Charles S. Bernheimer from Philadelphia, and published by New York, B. F. Buck & Company in 1907, I found on page 202 a record of schools located in the Russian Jewish areas of South Philadelphia and the population of Jewish children for each school given as both a number and as a percentage of the total number of students.\u00a0The area covered is from Locust Street on the north, Moore Street on the south, the Delaware River on the east and 19th<\/sup> Street on the west\u2014the district composing the greater portion of the Russian Jewish community of the city in 1905.<\/p>\n
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Generally, the greatest percentage of Jewish children is in the schools located immediately surrounding the 5th<\/sup> Street and South Street areas.\u00a0Other large percentages of Jewish students are in schools north of Washington Avenue, east of 8th<\/sup> Street, south of Locust Street and west of 2nd<\/sup> Street, although there are several exceptions such as the Fletcher School near Front Street that had a Jewish population of 79 per cent.\u00a0There are only a few schools west of Broad Street, and the largest percentage of Jewish students in these \u201cwestern\u201d schools was 18 per cent.\u00a0The schools with the highest percentage of Jews were those in the Jewish quarter surrounding the eastern end of South Street.\u00a0The listing on page 202 described the total and percentage distribution of Jewish children in 39 kindergarten and grade schools in the area in 1905.\u00a0Some of the schools with the largest Jewish percentage of children are presented below in chart form. I have also included a few other schools to demonstrate that the farther you went from 5th<\/sup> and South Streets the fewer number of Jewish children were enrolled in these schools.\u00a0For a more complete listing of the schools, see The Immigrant Jew in America<\/em>.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
School<\/td>\nLocation<\/td>\nNumber of Students<\/td>\nNumber of Jewish Students<\/td>\nPercentage of Students who were Jewish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Horace Binney<\/td>\nSpruce below 6th<\/sup><\/font><\/td>\n935<\/td>\n700<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
George M. Wharton<\/td>\n3rd<\/sup><\/font> below Pine<\/font><\/td>\n1345<\/td>\n1210<\/td>\n90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wm. M. Meredith\u00a0\u00a0 \n <\/td>\n5th<\/sup><\/font> & Fitzwater<\/font><\/td>\n1011<\/td>\n950<\/td>\n95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
James Campbell\u00a0 \n <\/td>\n8th<\/sup><\/font> & Fitzwater<\/font><\/td>\n1560<\/td>\n782<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fagen<\/td>\n12th<\/sup><\/font> & Fitzwater<\/font><\/td>\n585<\/td>\n285<\/td>\n49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mt. Vernon<\/st1:place> <\/td>\nCatharine above 3rd<\/sup><\/font><\/td>\n1200<\/td>\n1070<\/td>\n89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fletcher<\/td>\nChristian above Front<\/td>\n958<\/td>\n755<\/td>\n79<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Geo. W. Nebinger<\/td>\n6th<\/sup><\/font> & Carpenter\u00a0<\/span><\/font><\/td>\n1158<\/td>\n671<\/td>\n58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wharton<\/td>\n5th<\/sup><\/font> below Wash\u2019ton<\/font><\/td>\n1885<\/td>\n1411<\/td>\n74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
John Stockdale<\/td>\n13th<\/sup><\/font> below Wash\u2019ton<\/font><\/td>\n258<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Washington<\/st1:state> <\/st1:place> <\/td>\nCarpenter above 9th<\/sup><\/font><\/td>\n1338<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

From the above figures, it can be determined that the school populations were determined by the neighborhood patterns of ethnic growth during the immigrant years.\u00a0If we had the above statistics for earlier and later years, it would be dramatic in demonstrating just how quickly this south Philadelphia neighborhood changed from one ethnic group to the next.\u00a0The above figures demonstrate how many grade schools there were years ago and how close they were to one another.\u00a0Determining school boundaries is beyond the scope of this little blog, but I am sure that there are old school records held by the School Board of the City of Philadelphia which would describe, by streets and perhaps house numbers, the boundaries for each school.<\/p>\n

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The photographs on Philly<\/em>History.org, especially those of the Mt. Vernon School, give you a good picture of what school life was like in the year 1909, the year that many of the photos were taken of the Mt. Vernon School, the schoolyard and what appears to be the first day of school.\u00a0Children still went to school barefoot and the girls were dressed in the finest that the immigrant families could afford.\u00a0Perhaps you will not find a photographs of your own grandparents or great grandparents among the treasures being displayed on the web site, but you can learn something about how they were educated, where they were educated and how they grew up to become American citizens.<\/p>\n

When the immigrants came to Philadelphia in the 1880s and 1890s, many families\u2014especially those where an immigrant father died young\u2014required the help of younger children to run a business and make a living.\u00a0Children left school after 4th<\/sup> grade to help out.\u00a0Why after 4th<\/sup> grade is not clear, but anecdotal stories note children dropping out of school after the 4th<\/sup> grade.\u00a0In the 1900s, 1910s and 1920s, economic conditions improved.\u00a0According to The Immigrant Jew<\/em>, during this period there was \u201ca steady growth in attendance in the upper grades, the high schools and the professional institutions\u201d among the Russian Jewish immigrants.\u00a0It was during this time that the colleges, especially Temple College (now University) and the University of Pennsylvania enrolled a remarkably large number of Russian Jewish students.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Ironically, many of the students who enrolled at Penn during this time got there first real taste of knowledge at the Hebrew Literature Society, 312 Catharine Street, directly across the street from the Mt. Vernon School.\u00a0Children of the immigrants clamored for more learning and a group of the leaders of the Hebrew Literature Society contacted Penn. Penn agreed to send professors to the Society\u2019s meetings on Sundays afternoons to instruct the youngsters on subjects that were either not taught in the local high schools, like bacteriology, astronomy, etc., or that augmented and advanced studies taught at schools such as Central High School.\u00a0In the year 1905, Penn furnished over a dozen professors as part of this program to help educate the children of the immigrants.<\/p>\n

The article on the Philadelphia schools in The Immigrant Jew <\/em>contains the following paragraph written in 1905: \u201cProbably no single agency has a more far-reaching educational influence, especially in molding ideas in accordance with standards of our country and our time, than the public school.\u00a0It gives to the son of the immigrant the same advantages as to the son of the native born, and in many instances the transformation to similarity with the latter is swift and complete.\u201d\u00a0Although daughters would not have all the same educational opportunities for two more generations, daughters did attend Mt. Vernon School, the other schools in the area and were openly welcomed by the Hebrew Literature Society at their Sunday afternoon sessions.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Sources:<\/div>\n
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James, Edmund J. ed. The Immigrant Jew in America<\/em>. New York: B. F. Buck & Company, 1907.<\/div>\n

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\u00a0 Going through photographs on PhillyHistory.org, I was struck by the number of photos showing Philadelphia public grade schools from years ago, most now torn down although some still remain.\u00a0These photographs show the construction of new schools during the period of heavy immigration into the country at the end of the 19th and beginning of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-70","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-neighborhoods","category-public-services"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.phillyhistory.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}